Business Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Accounting - Essay Example Acer Group created incomes of $14.74 billion of every 2012 (Acer-gathering, 2012). Its incomes diminished by 9.62% in correlation with the earlier year. The gross benefit of the organization was $1.48 billion and its gross edge rose to 10.04%. Net edge is a proportion of the expansive gainfulness of the organization. In spite of its strong expansive benefit the organization acquired in overall deficits for the time of $99.88 million. Its overall deficits for 2012 were lower than the 2011 misfortunes of $226.59 million. The net edge of the firm was - 0.68%. Net edge gauges the total gainfulness of a firm. The arrival on resources (ROA) of Acer Group was - 0.04%. ROA shows how productive a firm is corresponding to its benefits (Investopedia, 2013). The arrival on resources of Acer Group was awful for two reasons. First the measurement result was negative. A negative ROA is a bothersome result. The subsequent explanation is that it was beneath the PC business normal ROA of 4.4% (Dun and Bradstreet, 2013). The arrival on value (ROE) of the firm was - 0.13%. Acer Group’s return on value is a lot of lower than the business normal of 9.7%. The present proportion quantifies the capacity of an organization to take care of its transient obligation (Accountingexplained, 2013). This proportion is determined partitioning current resources by current liabilities. Acer Group had a present proportion of 1.19. Its present proportion is worthy on the grounds that is over the 1.0 limit, yet it is 1.01 beneath the business normal current proportion of 2.20. The speedy proportion is another liquidity metric. It is determined comparatively than the present proportion with the special case that stock is deducted from current resources in the numerator of the equation. The speedy proportion of Acer Group was 0.89 which is lower than the business normal of 1.50. The working capital of a business is determined taking away current liabilities from current resources. Acer Group had a working capital in 2012 of $954,888,000. This measurement quantifies the capacity of the organization to take care of its momentary obligation utilizing exclusively its present resources. The obligation proportion gauges how much an organization depends on obligation to back its benefits (Investorwords, 2013). It is determined partitioning all out obligation by all out resources. Acer Group had an obligation proportion in 2012 of 0.67. Considering its size the organization isn't also utilized which permits the choice of utilizing extra obligation later on to extend. The obligation to value proportion of the association was 0.49. This proportion quantifies the measure of benefits being given by lenders to every dollar of advantages being given by investors (Garrison and Noreen, 2003). The obligation to value proportion of Acer Group is lower than the business normal of 0.82. Acer Group has relied less upon obligation than its opposition. The stock turnover of the organization was 8.91. This infers the organization sold its stock almost multiple times during the year. The normal deal time of the firm was 40.95 days, in this manner it took the organization under 41 days to sell its whole stock. The resource for deals proportion of the business was 52.77% which is marginally underneath the business standard of 53.40%. The deal to working capital proportion of the firm was 15.43. This proportion is acceptable considering the way that the business standard is just 3.50. The occasions premium earned proportion gauges the company’s capacity to make premium installments. Acer Group had multiple times premium earned proportion of 1.25. Assignment 2 The regular supplies of Acer are exchanging the market under the image ACEIF. The stocks were evaluated at $3.02 as of December 25, 2013 (Yahoo, 2013).

Alfred Hitchcock’s Vertigo (1958) Essay Essays

Alfred Hitchcock’s Vertigo (1958) Essay Essays Alfred Hitchcock’s Vertigo (1958) Essay Alfred Hitchcock’s Vertigo (1958) Essay Vertigo is a 1958 film coordinated by Alfred Hitchcock that has stood the preliminary of clasp in the repulsiveness sort. It is viewed as one of the fundamental motion pictures in the class non simply in light of the fact that it set the pace for the motion pictures to follow yet next to on the grounds that it showed army attributes and strategies that would capacity to reform the way in which movies were made. The camera edges. utilization of endless. recording. specific impacts and sound all add to the general result accomplished. All things considered. this article will dissect each of the above with a situation to thinking that Hitchcock restored the repulsiveness classification with Vertigo and gave a maestro classification in using artistic methods for outcome. The primary strategy of note is the way where camera edges are utilized so as to make a vibe of fear. giving the inclination that the characters are going in one savage circle. The use of the camera â€Å"†¦ reenacts froze sentiments of acrophobia ( dismay of highs ) felt by Scottie Ferguson ( James Stewart ) . † ( Pramaggiore A ; Wallis. 2004. p. 127 ) . For delineation. at a certain point in the film. a flight of stairs is recorded from the truly top. This non only implies the repeating idea of the account in light of the fact that the chime tower flight of stairs is so round however adjacent to limits the shooting. The similarity to tumbling from an incredible stature is encouraged in this shooting thus in others. like that in which Stewart gives off an impression of being remaining on the rack. Moreover. the camera edges other than interface directly to the similarity to unbounded: â€Å"†¦ fills in as a templet for cardinal subjects: the geography of a city and its environing field coordinated by difficulty of sexual pick. blame and impulse. † ( Orr. 2005. p. 137 ) . The situation from the ringer tower ever gives off an impression of being dark. in this manner reflecting the suggestions of the mystery plan. The sound utilized other than features the repeating idea of the story. In a meeting in Sight and Sound. Scorsese called attention to that â€Å"†¦ the music is other than worked around spirals and circles. satisfaction and edginess. Herrmann genuinely comprehended what Hitchcock was going for †he needed to puncture to the chest of impulse. † ( 2004 ) . Scorsese’s evaluation is correct and this is embodied by the scenes in which Madeline and Judy tumble to their expires. The sound is comparative in the two cases and effectively implies the mockery that the get bringing down purpose of the film is other than the terminal. In any case. it is non simply the utilization of music that has a significant effect of the tone of the film yet close to the quiet. Hitchcock utilizes quietness unrealistically great and only gives duologue as and when he needs to. For delineation. indeed, even the admission scene at the resolution of the film is non as brimming with jargon as it might be in different motion pictures. Wordss are utilized pitifully and to do a point. Specific impacts and cinematographic strategies are non utilized each piece pitifully as the duologue with an end goal to pass on the strained quality wanted. Hitchcock without a doubt utilized back projection in Vertigo: â€Å"Foreground and foundation will in general look distinctly offprint. halfway on account of the nonattendance of actors shadows from closer view to make light of. mostly on the grounds that all foundation planes will in general look each piece diffuse. † ( Bordwell A ; Thompson. 1996. p. 244 ) . This is a delineation of both of these attributes and there are army representations of this in the film. for example, where Novak and Stewart snog against the foundation of the sea. The histrions were shot thus forced on a characteristic foundation. in this manner forgoing the use of shadow. All things considered. there is something intrinsically unnatural about it. which follows the mystery plan. The film stock is other than shading and this other than assists with quenching the use of obvious radiation and dull. along these lines improves this particular outcome. In choice. there can be little vulnerability that Hitchcock restored the awfulness type with Vertigo and gave a maestro classification in using true to life procedures for outcome. There are army procedures utilized inside the film to help loan to the patterned and marginally claustrophobic climate. Once more. this serves to rise the strained quality. The sparing use of duologue and top of the line utilization of audio cues. at the point when combined with the film stock and cunning camera edges. unquestionably improve the account lastly permitted Hitchcock to make a standout amongst other true to life delineations of awfulness ever. List of sources Bordwell. David A ; Thompson. Kristin. 1996. Film Art: An Introduction. fifth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. Orr. John. 2005. Hitchcock and Twentieth Century Cinema. London: Wallflower Press. Pramaggiore. Maria A ; Wallis. Tom. 2005. Film: A Critical Introduction. London: Laurence King Publishing. Scorsese. Martin. 2004. The Best Music in Film. Sight and Sound ( September 2004 ) . [ Online ] Available at: hypertext move convention:/www. bfi. organization. uk/sightandsound/filmmusic/detail. php? t=d A ; q=42 [ Accessed 10 May 2010 ] . Vertigo. 1958. Coordinated by Alfred Hitchcock. USA: Paramount Pictures.

Methods Used By Organizations To Prevent Misuse Of Information - 550 Words

Methods Used By Organizations To Prevent Misuse Of Information (Essay Sample) Content: NameInstructorCourseDateInformation systemsResearch the Internet for methods used by organizations to prevent misuse of information and write an essay (250 words) on your research.Information is a crucial instrument in any organization and hence its confidentiality is paramount. A good situation where misuse of information system has occurred is Cambridge Analytica organization that has been accused of manipulating voter data in Brexit campaigns in the United Kingdom (Siponen et al, 300). This discussion focuses on the methods that organizations use to avoid misuse of information.User training is one of the most popular mechanisms that many organizations have embraced to curb misuse of information. When a user in the organization has the know how to operate on the data, then chances of misappropriation of the data are low. In the case of Cambridge Analytica, the executives disclosed sensitive information to other staff of the organization leading to manipulation of in formation.Moreover, securing information systems is among those methods that organizations feel attractive to avoid misuse of information (Ahmad et al, 20). For instance, databases which contain information of a company are secured with passwords such that end users can only login to the sections entitled to them. It remains questionable how staff in the analytics group access data from the information systems of the organization. Maybe the information systems have not been secured as the case is still under investigation.Furthermore, many organizations create a centrally managed information systems to deal with misuse of information. For example, the management of the information systems can be able to track any weird activities occurring to the stored information precipitated by the executives, operation systems, technical support persons or other parties within the organization (Sommestad, et al, 16).In conclusion, organizations can train their users, secure t...

National Non Profit Organizations, Programs Or...

All campaigns, programs or intervention initiatives are dependent on the strength and support of stakeholders. In the absence of such cooperative bonds, the achievement of objectives cannot come to fruition. With that said, â€Å"one of the most exciting aspects of AAA is the leadership role prominent national non-profits are taking in reaching their communities with life-saving HIV prevention messages† (CDC, 2013, p. 3). Act Against AIDS achieves such results through their support of the Act Against AIDS Leadership Initiative (AAALI), which is a network inclusive of 19 partners to include Hispanic/Latino, African American, and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) organizations (CDC, 2013). Equally important, in efforts to maximize the reach of the AAA campaign, the CDC recruits, and work in close collaboration with a vast array of public health partners, as well as media outlets who disseminate campaign material and messages. These partnerships are instrumental in su bsidizing the work and achievements of the national non-profit organizations who are often the first line of defenses. An important point, the continuing public health threat of HIV/AIDS is multi-dimensional; thus, not resolvable by an individual organization. Hence, the reason collaborative bonds are crucial. Ending HIV/AIDS requires the efforts of the federal, state and local governments, state health departments, community organizations, primary care providers, linkage to testing, treatment, andShow MoreRelatedProgram Impact : Act Against Aids Essay1715 Words   |  7 PagesProgram Impact Act Against AIDS plays a fundamental role in the war on HIV when considering, the program â€Å"has reached 2.6 billion media impressions through Web videos, donated media space, radio, TV, and advertising across the country† (NPIN, 2015, para. 2). 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Each choice has financial, environmental and social impacts that are intertwined and mutually dependent.   The Nike value chain outlines each phase, where the greatest impacts occur, and some of the key tools it uses to increase efficiencies, reduce impacts and improve working conditions throughout the system. Every product and partner, every decisionRead MoreStrategic Organizational Change: the Role of8920 Words   |  36 Pagesproposed model for strategic organizational change is an attempt to link the software and hardware components of organizations. In view of the pressures being expected from the external environment and the critical vision of organizations, research suggests that top management needs to establish a ï ¬â€šexible and adaptive infrastructure that should lead contemporary and complex organizations to optimum levels of performance. The largest barrier to â€Å"change† is not changes to technologies and work processes

Essay about Teaching Philosophy Statement - 921 Words

Teaching Philosophy Statement Every teacher has their own philosophy and their style. They believe their philosophy, themselves, and students’ abilities. They must have been inspired by brilliant teachers, in other words, they had favorite teachers when they were students. My favorite teacher was an English teacher at my junior college in Japan. When I was a high school student, I was looking for a junior college to enter after graduating high school. I took the teacher’s trial class. When I first took his class, I was moved by him. The class zipped along, and I really enjoyed it. I thought that I wanted to be a teacher like him. He has studied abroad to Radford University in Virginia in the United States, and he told me how†¦show more content†¦Japanese conventional English classes are teacher-centered, and teachers ignore what students need to know and interest. I also believe in Progressivism because Progressivism’s education is based on the needs and interests of studen ts. Conventional classes teach grammar and high-level reading books. English is an exam subject in Japan. Students do not learn English as a communication tool. Therefore, they cannot speak English. My lesson plan is talking easy English at class. Japanese English textbooks are far different from daily life. Students need to speak conversational English in class. They need to express their feeling in English. I want them accustomed to thinking in English. They do not think their thoughts in English; therefore, they cannot express their feeling in English either. It is more important than reading an English book. Well, reading is important to improve English, but a level is important. Japanese tend to read difficult reading such as high school level in the United States. But what they need to is read books an easier level such as elementary books. I have been to elementary school as a part of my Education class requirements, and I went to a fourth grade class. 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Unfortunately, the school is a tool indirectly used by the government to perpetuate the injustice and keep things in tact. Blind patriotism in the classroom suppresses discussion on pervasive inequalities, leaving students to ignorantly accept the status quo. As a social reconstructionist, I believe that younger

Pharmacology for Health Professionals

Question: Discuss about the Pharmacology for Health Professionals. Answer: Introduction: There is possibility of two risks in Fazio due to consumption of these medications. These two risks are gastrointestinal bleeding and hypotension. Bleeding may develop in Fazio due to consumption of enoxaparin and aspirin. There may be hypotension in Fazio due to consumption of metoprolol, perindopril and glyceryl trinitrate. Enoxaparin is prescribed as blood thinner in Fazio. This drug is administered subcutaneously for venous thromboembolism in Fazio. This drug acts by binding to the antithrombin and forms irreversible complex with it. This leads to the inactivation of clotting facto Xa. Due to inactivation of this clotting factor there is risk of bleeding in Fazio. There are more chances of bleeding if enoxaparin is taken along with other medications like warfarin, aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen, naproxen and antiplatelet drugs. Fazio is consuming aspirin also. Moreover, aspirin also has antiplatelet property. Hence, consumption of aspirin along with enoxaparin may lead to bleeding risk in Fazio (Xu et al., 2012; Sonoda et al., 2017). Aspirin is prescribed for pain relief in case of Fazio. Aspirin is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory class of drug. Long term use of aspirin may lead to gastrointestinal bleeding risk. Aspirin acts by inhibiting COX-1. As a result, th ere are chances of COX-2 upregulation for gastrointestinal tract defense. If aspirin is taken along with other COX-2 inhibitors there are chances of gastrointestinal tract erosion and bleeding (Huang et al., 2011; Iwamoto et al., 2013). Hypotension may develop in Fazio due to consumption of glyceryl trinitrate . Glyceril trinitrate was prescribed for chest pain in case of Fazio. This medication can also be prescribed for heart failure and high blood pressure. Glyceryl trinitrate was administered through sublingual route and through this route there would be rapid absorption of the drug. Hence, glyceryl trinitrate produces rapid fall in the blood pressure. Glyceryl trinitrate acts by denitration of the nitrates to produce nitric oxide which is a vasodilator. Perindopril acts by inhibiting Angiotensin converting enzyme and improves heart function. Metoprolol is selective 1 receptor antagonist. All these drugs act by different mechanisms and produce blood pressure lowering action. As these drugs acts on different target, hence blood pressure lowering effect would be more. If different drugs act on the same target, there may be less chances of considerable blood pressure lowering due to saturation of target. Hence, cons umption of these dugs together can lead to hypotension (Bryant and Knights, 2011; Zhao et al., 2016). Nurse should play an important role in management of medications in Fazio. Nurse should have information about the drugs, give instruction for its consumption and organize the administration of drugs to Fazio. By virtue of this nurse can prevent risks associated with the administration drugs. Nurse should keep accurate record of medicines which comprises of list of generic and brand names of medicines, dose, frequency of administration, route of administration, dosage of administration and purpose of administration. Nurse should keep record of name, address and contact information of the all the medicine providers. Nurse should keep record of the expiry dates of all the medications. Nurse should display name and telephone number of medication supplier in the medical unit of Fazio. Nurse should not administer enoxaparin and aspirin together because both drugs can exaggerate bleeding property of each other (Iijima and Shimosegawa, 2015). Nurse should not administer both drugs along wit h other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and other anticoagulants. Enoxaparin should not be administered in patients with high blood pressure because hypertension exaggerate bleeding property of enoxaparin. Morevoer, Fazio has history of hypertension. Nurse should also monitor blood pressure of Fazio on scheduled time points. If there is more reduction in blood pressure, nurse can consult doctor. With consultation with doctor nurse can stop administration of any one of the medications or can reduce dose of the medicines (Yanagita and Kusanagi, 2016). For preventing hypotension nurse should give proper instructions to Fazio. Nurse should teach him about medication name, purpose of its administration and its medical effects. In case of metoprolol, perindopril and glyceryl trinitrate administration, nurse should specifically teach Fazio and his family members about the adverse effects of these medications. Nurse should enquire with him about his concerns related to these medicines. In case, Fazio is experiencing hypotension, nurse should consult doctor. With the consultation of doctor nurse should make required changes in the medicines. Nurse should keep record of medicine consumption of Fazio. From this record nurse would come to know excess administration of antihypertensive drugs to Fazio which reduces blood pressure (Ignatavicius and Workman, 2015). Nurse should also monitor blood pressure of Fazio on scheduled time points. Patient participation is very important in medication management. If patient possess all the information about the effects and side effects of the medication, it would be easy for nurse to convince Fazio to continue or stop certain medication. With the knowledge of medication, Fazio can assess himself for effects of medications and inform it to nurse. This would be helpful for the nurse to take timely action and prevent further complications. Due to this participation in medication management Fazio can inform nurse about the inventory of medicines and order medications under supervision of nurse (Richard et al., 2016). Fazio can take medicines on scheduled time in the absence of nurse. In literature, it has been mentioned that time constraint is the major barrier for nurse to look into medicine administration (Vogelsmeier et al., 2011). By incorporation of Fazio in medication management nurse can focus on other tasks in providing nursing services to Fazio. With the knowledge of gener ic names and trade names, Fazio would not get confused with change in trade name of medicine and would not be worried about consuming wrong medication (Lang et al., 2016). With incorporation of Fazio in medication management, he would get opportunity to interact with different healthcare providers and learn about medications. By virtue of this, Fazio can use medication therapeutically and safely. Fazio may require consuming medications for long term. In such case, Fazio should have knowledge of all the medications. Hence, he can take medications on his own without help of healthcare provider. Knowledge of medication for patient also helps to avoid from readmission to the hospital. Involvement of patients in medication management is also helpful in improving the quality and safety of medication management. Patient education about the medications is also helpful in reducing the medication errors. Nurses are susceptible for medication error due handling different patients at the same time. In such case patients can help them in correction of error (Kinney, 2015; Tarn et al., 2012). Nurse should give encouragement and support to Fazio to improve his role in medication management. Nurse should ask him about medication knowledge. Based on the level of knowledge, nurse can give information to Fazio about medication management. Nurse should ask him names of drugs, action of drug on particular symptom, side effects, dosage and schedule of drugs. By virtue of this nurse would get the information about the level of his understandings about the medical terminologies. If he dont have much knowledge about the medical terminologies, nurse should give him information in simple language (Tarn et al., 2013). Nurse should also use few pictures and videos to make him understand action and side effects of drugs. Nurse should tell him few stories of regarding medication errors. These stories should be from her experience in the hospital and she should show him documents related to the medication errors. By virtue of this Fazio, may understand the importance of medication manageme nt and try to involve him in the medication management (McTier et al., 2015). Nurse should develop trust relationship with Fazio to improve his involvement in medication management. Nurse should listen to his queries very carefully and answer them in very simple language. This would be hateful in building trust relationship between nurse and Fazio. Fazio may be afraid to participate in the medication management. Nurse should give him confidence that he can do it. This encouragement by the nurse would help in improving willingness of Fazio in acquiring knowledge about the medication management. Nurse should give information about the medication to his family members also. His family members can educate him about medications in simple way and also they can assist him in medication management. Nurse should also provide suitable environment for Fazio to learn about medication management (Tarn and Flocke, 2011). Nurse should discuss with him about medication management in very relaxed and friendly manner. Nurse should discuss with him at his bedside. Nurse should arrange meetings of Fazio with doctor, hence he would take more interest in learning about medications. Nurse should also encourage him to participate in open discussion with doctor. Nurse should give Fazio examples of patients who participated in the medication management. This would be helpful as inspiration for Fazio to take part in medication management. Nurse should keep all the discussions related to medication management Fazio centered and there should be continuity in these discussions. Three should be mutual respect and acknowdgement between nurse and Fazio (Mixon et al., 2015). References: Bryant, B.J., and Knights, K. M. (2011). Pharmacology for Health Professionals. Elsevier Australia. Huang, E.S., Strate, L.L., Ho, W.W., Lee, S.S., and Chan, A.T. (2011). Long Term Use of Aspirin and the Risk of Gastrointestinal Bleeding. American Journal of Medicine, 124(5), 426433. Iijima, K., and Shimosegawa, T. (2015). Risk Factors for Upper GI Damage in Low-Dose Aspirin Users and the Interaction Between H. pylori Infection and Low-Dose Aspirin Use. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 21(35), 5056-65. Ignatavicius, D.D., and Workman, M. L. (2015). Medical-surgical Nursing: Patient-centered Collaborative Care. Elsevier Health Sciences. Iwamoto, J., Saito, Y., Honda, A., and Matsuzaki, Y. (2013). Clinical features of gastroduodenal injury associated with long-term low-dose aspirin therapy. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 19(11), 1673-82. Kinney R.L., Lemon, S.C., Person, S.D., Pagoto, S.L., and Saczynski, J.S. (2015). The association between patient activation and medication adherence, hospitalization, and emergency room utilization in patients with chronic illnesses: a systematic review. Patient Education and Counseling, 98(5), 545-52. Lang, S., Velasco, G. M., and Heintze, C. (2016). Patients' views of adverse events in primary and ambulatory care: a systematic review to assess methods and the content of what patients consider to be adverse events. BMC Family Practice, 17(6). doi: 10.1186/s12875-016-0408-0. McTier, L., Botti, M., and Duke, M. (2015). Patient participation in medication safety during an acute care admission. Health expectations, 18(5): 17441756. Mixon, A.S., Neal, E., Bell, S., Powers, J.S., and Kripalani, S. (2015). Care transitions: a leverage point for safe and effective medication use in older adults--a mini-review. Gerontology, 61(1), 32-40. Richard, C., Glaser, E., and Lussier, M.T. (2016). Communication and patient participation influencing patient recall of treatment discussions. Health Expectations, 21, doi: 10.1111/hex.12515. Sonoda, A., Kondo, Y., Tsuneyoshi, Y., Iwashita, Y., Nakao, S., et al. (2017). Predictive factors for effectiveness and safety of enoxaparin for total knee arthroplasty in aged Japanese patients: a retrospective review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences, 3:6. Tarn, D.M., and Flocke, S.A. (2011). New prescriptions: how well do patients remember important information?. Family Medicine, 43(4), 254-9 Tarn, D.M., Paterniti, D.A., Orosz, D.K., Tseng, C.H, and Wenger, N.S. (2013). Intervention to enhance communication about newly prescribed medications. Annals ofFamily Medicine, 11(1), 28-36 Tarn, D.M., Paterniti, D.A., Wenger, N.S., Williams, B.R., and Chewning, B.A. (2012). Older patient, physician and pharmacist perspectives about community pharmacists' roles. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 20(5), 285-93. Vogelsmeier, A. (2011). Medication Administration in Nursing Homes: RN Delegation to Unlicensed Assistive Personnel. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 2(3), 49-55. Xu, H., Cai, H., Qian, Z., Xu, G., Yan, X., and Dai, H. (2012). Dosing practice of low molecular weight heparins and its efficacy and safety in cardiovascular inpatients: a retrospective study in a Chinese teaching hospital. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 12:118. Yanagita, T., and Kusanagi, H. (2016). Safety and Effectiveness of Enoxaparin as Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis after Gastric Cancer Surgery in Japanese Patients. American Surgeon, 82(12), 1232-1237. Zhao, N., Xu, J., Singh, B., Yu, X., Wu, T., and Huang, Y. (2016). Nitrates for the prevention of cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (8):CD010726. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010726.

Sin, Punishment and Redemption in King Lear free essay sample

This article aims to explore the essential propositions of Christian: sin, punishment and redemption as the clue, and analyzes the behaviors and fates of characters in King Lear. First, human beings are born with sins. The characters can not escape the deep-rooted original sin in human’s nature, committing different kinds of sins. Second, God is fair to everyone. The punishment follows their sins. The characters deserved their proper punishment accordingly. Owing to their different sins, some experienced kinds of sufferings; some lost their life; some will be tortured in the hell forever. Third, God punishes those who commit the sins, but he also saves those who die for justice, and forgives those who repent. Suffering is the road leading to being redempted. After those sufferings, people were saved. The religious ideas are widely used King Lear, further heightening the feelings of Christians, and preaching the lessons of punishing the evil and advocating the good. We will write a custom essay sample on Sin, Punishment and Redemption in King Lear or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Keywords: Bible, Sin, Punishment, Redemption 1. Introduction William Shakespeare lived during the time of English Renaissance featuring humanism. And he is regarded as one of the most prominent representatives of this time. And a lot of books and papers studying humanistic elements have been cropping up all the time. However, Shakespeare and his works are also influenced by Christianity notably. Superficially, these two points of views seem to be in contradiction with each other. Virtually, humanism and Christianity are not a completely opposite Cultural system. The movement of Renaissance denied many aspects of Christianity, but the fact that the movement of Renaissance is deeply rooted in the hotbed of Christian Culture can not be ignored ither. Therefore many spirits and ideas of Renaissance are the extension and development of inherent elements of Christianity under the new historical circumstances. So now it should be not difficult for us to accept the certain influence of religion on Shakespeare and his works. From 1601 to 1605, William Shakespeare created his four principal tragedies, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Mac beth. For four hundred years, these tragedies have been sparkling with a peculiar beauty of their own, and have never failed to evoke pity or fear. How come they have achieved such everlasting effects? The reason is that Shakespeare endows them, especially King Lear, with some valuable religious qualities, which this thesis paper attempts to examine. 2. The influence of Christianity on Shakespeare and his works 2. 1 The influence of Christianity on Shakespeare Scholars and critics of all strips have long conceded the importance of religious belief in the production of art, literature and drama. Yet how Christian was Shakespeare? This remains a disputing question for a long time. And it is still very disputing till today. The eminent critic Harold Bloom, author of the best-selling Shakespeare: The invention of the Human (Riverhead Books, 1999), argues that â€Å"Shakespeare seems too wise to believe anything† political or religious. According to Bloom, Shakespeare could not have any religious convictions and still remain Shakespeare. And Rev. Paul Murry, O. P. , notes: â€Å"It would not, I think, to be helpful to characterize Shakespeare formally as a religious dramatist. 119 Vol. 5, No. 9 Asian Social Science The fact is that he chose, by and large, to leave religion alone. †[1] As to Bloom’s view, I myself am strongly opposed to it. Compared with the former, the latter sounds more reasonable. During the English Renaissance, Protestant reformers had recently put an end to the centuries-old tradition of religious drama. And strict laws regulating theater prohibited any explicit religious or current political events from being represented on stage. So no playwright writing for the public during this time could be formally considered a religious dramatist. Therefore, Shakespeare had to choose to address the religious issues in a strictly universal way, free of any clannish meaning or color. Although all the above-mentioned, he is very Catholic in many respects. And it is not exaggerated to say that Shakespeare is a Catholic totally. And there is a lot of evidences demonstrating that Shakespeare is closely related to Catholic. First, Shakespeare’s families are closely connected with Christian. Both of his parents appeared to have conformed to Christian despite the risks to personal wealth, freedom and life. His mother, Mary Arden, came from one of the most prominent and tenacious Catholic families in Warwickshire. The head of the clan, Edward Arden, for instance, kept his own Catholic priest, disguised as a gardener but known throughout the Avon valley as Father Hugh Hall. One of Arden’s sons-in-law, a hot-headed Catholic Fantastic named John Somerville, traveled to London on a personal mission to assassinate the Queen; apparently quite deranged, he betrayed his intensions to anyone who would listen to his ranting during his frequent tavern-hopping,. Inevitably, he was arrested and, under torture, implicated Arden and Hall. The priest died in prison while his case was being adjudicated; but in 1583 the hapless Arden was hanged and quartered, and his head struck on a spike on London Bridge. William Shakespeare was nineteen years old at the time of his cousin’s execution. Well before that traumatic date, from as far back as William’s thirteenth year, his father John had apparently begun to run into financial difficulties, at which time he tried to avoid town meetings and church attendance, allegedly to elude summons by subpoena (one could be served for debt in church). Presumably the debts were real (he defaulted on a mortgage in 1580), but the father’s financial woes seem to have been exacerbated by Crown revenge against the Ardens. In any event, John’s name was later entered on the recusant rolls of Stratford for failing to come to Anglican Church services on Sunday, as the law required. One often reads that John Shakespeare’s absence was due strictly to his fear of subpoena. But Catholic convictions must have played at least some role in the father’s recusancy. A document, supposed to have been found about 1750 under the tiles of a house in Stratford which had once been John Shakespeare’s, professes to be the spiritual testament of the said John Shakespeare, and assuming it to be authentic it would clearly prove him to have been a Catholic. The document, which was at first unhesitatingly accepted as genuine by Malone, is onsidered by most modern Shakespeare scholars to be a fabrication of J. Jordan who sent it to Malone. (Chuck Lee, 1908: 302) And we know that William Shakespeare’s daughter was also fined for recusancy and that William and his fiancee Anne Hathway married not in his Stratford church but in Temple Grafton, five miles from his birthplace. Neither the Shakespeare nor the Hathways had connections there, but the vicar of the v illage, John Frith, was cited in contemporary records as â€Å"unsound in religion,† a code-term for Catholic priests. And finally, a seventeenth-century Anglican archdeacon from nearby Coventry reported that, according to Stratford oral tradition, Shakespeare â€Å"died a papist†. Besides his family members, many of his teachers, classmates and friends maintained close connections with the Christian. Shakespeare’s teachers at the Stratford grammar school all had contacts with the â€Å"old faith†. Simon Hunt, his first schoolmaster, from1571 to 1575, left Stratford to matriculate at the University of Doual in the summer of 1575 and later become a Jesuit. One of Shakespeare’s classmates from Stratford, Robert Dibdale, abruptly left with Hunt, was also ordained a priest, and was martyred in 1586. And while studying for the priesthood Debdale shared classes with Thomas Cottom (executed in 1582), whose brother John Cottom was a schoolmaster at Stratford and taught Shakespeare until, under mounting Anti-Catholic pressure from the Crown, he fled home to Lancashire, a Catholic stronghold. And just at the recommendation of Cottom Shakespeare took up a position as a tutor and a player in the Houghton household, a recusant noble Catholic family of Lancashire. David Bradley, 1979: 28) All these go to show that the dramatist in his youth must have been brought up in a very Catholic atmosphere, and indeed the history of the Gunpowder Plot conspirators shows that the neighborhood was regarded as quite a hotbed of recusancy. 2. 2 The influence of Holy Bible on Shakespeare’s Works Due to Shakespeare’s close connection with Chris tianity, the classical work of Christianity, Holy Bible, deeply influenced all of Shakespeare’s works. We all know that Shakespeare knew Holy Bible thoroughly, not only a by-stander, but also a propagator. And there were a lot of pistils in the Bible he read. And especially when he read The Divine Comedy, he circled all the words and expressions related to Holy Bible, without any omission. His tragedies, comedies, historical plays, poems, etc. are full of the elements of Holy Bible. And among all of Shakespeare’s works, the religious ideas embodied more fully in his tragedies than his other works, especially in his four famous tragedies Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear and Othello. The English contemporary critic, Helen Cardina, even deemed Shakespeare’s tragedies as â€Å"Christian tragedies†. Helen Gardner, 1998: 72-74) And one of the famous English scholars has said that there will be no Shakespeare’s work without the Holy Bible. (Zhu Weiji, 1992: 64) 120 Asian Social Science September, 2009 As the essential Christian propositions: sin, punishment, and redemption are found everywhere in his four tragedies. And these are important themes which form the inherent plots and advocated the tragedies; or they become the main measures to realize the tragedies and enlarge the connotations of the tragedies. And here in this article I will mainly explore the exhibition of Sin, Punishment and Redemption in King Lear. . Sin, punishment and redemption embodied in King Lear 3. 1 The sin What is the sin? The ceaselessly swollen desires and lusts will result in the sin; too much free will result in the sin; harboring the evil idea will result in the sin; violating the law of any moral or ethical rules will result in the sin; and so on . The bible emphasizes the original sin of the man. Humans are born with sin. Man’s original sin begins with our forefathers Adam and Eve. Before the original sin comes into our world, â€Å"Everyone who commits sin is a child of the evil; for the devil has been sinning from the beginning. (National TSPMCCC, 2000: 422) And our forefathers Adam and Eve have the right to choose to be good or to be evil, but this depend s on their attitudes. Under the seduction of the evil serpent, Eve ate the forbidden fruit in the Eden and gave some to her husband. So they committed the original sin and were driven out of Eden by God as the punishment. Therefore, from now on, every man is born with sin. Sin can be found in every works of Shakespeare. The connotation of sin in four tragedies is deeper and more serious than his comedies. The four tragedies do not just take some kind of sinful behaviors as the plot frame, but go into the deep meaning of the sin such as the apprehension and the application of the original sin. 3. 1. 1 The sin in King Lear â€Å"Everyone who commits sin is a child of the evil; for evil has been sinning from the beginning. † (National TSPMCCC, 2000: 422 ) Goneril, Regan and Edmund are devils if they were not human. Goneril and Regan persecuted their old father, drove him out of their house, and left him homeless in the wilderness. They would be wiling to kill each other to be Edmund’s queen. They are selfish. Their blood is cold. Edmund demands that all of his desires must be satisfied. His insatiable ambition extends past Cornwall to English Throne. He claimed, â€Å"All with me’s meet that I can fashion fit. † Besides, Edmund disrespected the God. He said, â€Å"My father compounded with my mother under the Dragon’s tail and my nativity was under Ursa Major, so that it follows I am rough and lecherous. Fut, I should have been that I am, had the maidenliest star in the firmanment twinkled on my bastardizing. † (William Shakespeare, 1999: 435) And all these demonstrate the original sin in human. Regarding Lear, he is an imperious, capricious, arrogant and self-centered king. In any case, he welcomes poisoned flattery but interprets well-intended criticism, whether from Cordelia or Kent, as treason. Lear’s ego seems fully capable ofdemanding the sacrifice from his daughters, especially from his favorite, Cordelia; he has given them his whole kingdom, now let them care for him as befits, his royal rank and patriarchal role. Goneril and Regan are content to flatter and promise obedience knowing that they will turn him out once he has relinquished his authority. Cordelia senses that Lear is demanding love as payment for his parental kindliness. Genuine love ought rather to be selfless. She refuses to lie like her sisters. So Lear misjudges his children and disinherits his loving daughter in favor of his duplicitous daughters. And Gloucester is another Lear. Without any clear evidence he wronged his virtuous son and fell into prey to Edmund’s deceptions and disinherits him. There are too many subjective ideas in these two old man’s mind. This is also one nature of human resulting from the original sin. 3. The Punishment Since everyone is sinned from the beginning according to the Bible. The punishment must follow behind. Usually, there are three aspects of meaning in the punishment: the punishment in the present life, the punishment of the whole life and the punishment of conscience. Adam and Eve are driven out of Eden by God and have to suffer on the earth. And Cain is driven out of hometown. All these convey a meaning that one must responsible for what he is doing in his real life. â€Å"Just as sin came into the world through one man, death came through sin and so death spread to all because all have sinned. (National TSPMCCC, 2000: 270) And death is the most serious punishment. God has arranged for the man. There are also three kinds of death according to the Bible. The first one is the death of the body, or the departure of the body and the soul. To the pagans, this kind of death means that he will lost all the nice things in the earth and be tortured in the hell forever. To the well-behaved believers, this kind of death means free from the bitter life, entering a beautiful world and enjoying the happiness forever. The second one is the death of the soul, that is, the restorable departure of the soul and God. And just like the first kind of death, it is possible to resurrect from this kind of death. For example, the souls of two criminals who are crucified with Jesus have departed from God. Their souls are dead. But one of the criminals begins to have faith in Jesus before he dies. When the other criminals kept deriding Jesus, he said, â€Å"Do you not fear God, since you are under the same sentence of condemnation? And we indeed have been condemned justly, 121 Vol. 5, No. 9 Asian Social Science for we are getting what we deserve for our deeds, but this man has done nothing wrong. Jesus told him, â€Å"Truly I tell you, today you will be with me in the paradise. † (National TSPMCCC, 2000: 157 ) The third kind of death is the eternal death, which means the complete departure with God and the torture in the hell forever. The death of the criminal who kept deriding Jesus when he was going to put to death belongs to this type. He will never have the chance to resurrect from his eterna l death. 3. 2. 1 The punishment in King Lear In King Lear, none of the people who sinned can avoid the punishment of God. Regan is poisoned to death by her sister Goneril. And Goneril commits suicide. Goneril and Regan have done too many evil things. But they have not repented and asked for pardon until their death. Just like the criminal who deriding Jesus even when he will put to death very soon, their deaths belong to the eternal death. They will be tortured in the hell forever. And they will never have any chance to resurrect from their death. Edmund, whose soul is dead before his body dies, have done numerous evil deeds. He is killed by his brother and deserved his punishment. Regarding Lear and Gloucester, they experienced the hardship owing to their errors. Lear was turned out into the storm by his two daughters and went mad; Gloucester is made physically blinded because of his son Edmund’s betrayal. 3. 3 The Redemption Man has sinned from the beginning. And man’s original sin will no doubt lead to the punishment from the law on the earth, God and the conscience. But it does not mean that man can not find a way out. The Bible will lead the man to redemption. The God will pardon their sins if they believe God. And man can be rescued through the repentance of their sins and their conversion to God. And God loves all those who regret for guilt. Besides, hardship is the symbol of purgatory. One can also be rescued through the hardship he experienced, and his soul will be purified. After the suffering, one may realize the truth thoroughly. And in Shakespeare’s four tragedies, each hero finally realizes his misdeeds and obtains a deeper understanding of life. Christian is a religion of love. The Christian spirit of benevolence, leniency and universal love goes through the Bible distinctively. So some people can be rescued by God because of their benevolence, leniency and universal love. These are the moral qualities the Bible advocates. Therefore the soul this kind of people will be rescued by god even their body is dead. They will live happily in the heaven with God. [21] 3. 3. 1 The redemption in King Lear In King Lear, Lear and Gloucester are rescued through the suffering they have experienced. Lear’s suffering is not without compensation. He learned the truth and discovered himself through his suffering. And through his suffering, he has understood what human’s suffering and need are all about. He begins to pray for the poor, â€Å"Poor naked wretches, wheresoe’er you are,/ That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm,/ How shall your houseless heads and unfed sides,/ Your looped and windowed raggedness, defend you / From seasons such as these? O, I have ta’en/ Too little care of this1 Take physic, pomp;/ Expose thyself to feel what wretches feel, / That thou mayest shake the superflux to them/ And show the heavens more just. †[22]And he begins to sympathize with the fool, â€Å"Come on, my boy. How dost, my boy? Art cold? / I am cold myself. — Where is the straw, my fellow? / The art of our necessities is strange, /And can make ile things precious. Come, your hovel. —/ Poor fool and knave, I have one part in my heart/ That’s sorry yet for thee. (William Shakespeare, 1999: 483) And when Lear recognized Cordelia after all of his suffering, he attempted to kneel down before her and said, â€Å"I am a very old foolish fond old man. à ¢â‚¬  and â€Å"I fear I am not in my perfect mind. † To kneel down is a kind of true enlightenment, indicting the repentance in the bottom of his heart. Gloucester learns a similar truth and expresses it in much the same way as Lear. Like Lear he has driven into exile a virtuous child and had placed in the power of the wicked. Enlightenment comes only though suffering. Just as Lear achieves spiritual wisdom when he goes mad, Gloucester achieves spiritual vision when he is physically blinded. His eyes having been ground out by the heel of Cornwall’s boot, Gloucester asks for Edmund only to learn that Edmund has betrayed him in return for siding with Lear in the approaching civil war. Gloucester’s response, however, is not to accuse Edmund of treachery but to beg forgiveness of the wronged Edgar. Cordelia and Edgar are rescued by God because of their benevolence, leniency and universal love. They both have forgiven and cherished their sinned fathers. And their love is one of the elements that make their fathers grow spiritually. The power of their love, though learned too late to avert catastrophe is at last discovered in its very defeat. And the love embodies by Cordelia and Edgar’s final triumphs over the more anarchic and brutal forces embodies by Regan and Goneril, which can be seen in Albany’s shifting and reconciliation and the restoration of the national order and Edgar’s survival and restoration to his social status. Although Cordelia is dead, her death is not a secular one. The soul of Jesus in the Holy Bible has returned to the arms of God. Cordelia has died for justice like Jesus, so her death is the same as the death of Jesus. She is remembered and respected by the people and her soul also returns to the arms of God. Edmund, whose soul is dead before his body dies, have done numerous evil deeds. But just as the criminal who is 122 Asian Social Science September, 2009 crucified with Jesus together is converted to Jesus before he is put to death, he tells Kent the secret order of killing Lear Cordelia and helps them rescue Cordelia and Lear. Therefore, he will not tortured by the flame in the hell. He will be with the God in the heaven. 4. Conclusion The Christian ideas are the body and soul of Shakespeare’s four tragedies, which add the features of western classic culture and the religious elements to the play. Without them the tragedies will be lack of their original vitality. Shakespeare’s King Lear ends with heroes’ deathKing Lear dies of heartbreak and over-exertion. The sin, punishment and redemption are embodied fully in the death of King Lear. And these tragic endings render the tragedy a far-reaching influence among western countries. The drama not only plays the role of moral teaching of punishing the evil and advocating the good, but also leads the audience to think about means of â€Å"punishment† and â€Å"death† under the Christian culture. King Lear has deepened the religious ideas in the play, and further heightened the Christian feelings, making the play shed the eternal radiance similar to the Holy Bible.